김재우JeaWooKim

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This study attempted to investigate the athletic activity of the local YMCA that developed under the Japanese imperialism. With Tokyo as the starting point in 1906, the local YMCA was founded in Suncheon, Pyongyang, Kwangju, Wonsan, Sineuiju, Kimcheon and the like. Since its foundation, each local YMCA began its athletic undertaking as part of the in-house target undertaking. The athletic undertaking of the local YMCA developed by dividing it into the in-house athletic program intended for members like the Seoul YMCA and the outside athletic program intended for the public at large. This study failed to make an investigation into the in-house athletic program except several YMCAs due to the lack of materials. But in the ligth of the fact that several YMCAs including the Kwangju YMCA introduced and instructed the athletic program conducted in the Seoul YMCA, the in-house athletic program conducted by each YMCA is estimated to resemble the content of the Seoul YMCA. The outside athletic program held by the local YMCA comprised all sorts of sports competitions. Sports events in the sports competition held by the local YMCA were made up of field and track, skate, soft tennis, soccer games and the like. Their size was very diverse. These sports games must have made a great contribution to the development of Korean modern sports such as the development of sports skills in several localities, the expansion of the sports base, the regional equalization of sports activity and the like. Especially, of many competitions, the skate competition and the Hamheung Boys' Tennis Game held by the Hamheung YMCA All-nation Soccer Game held by the Pyongyang YMCA and the like were taking consideration into the climactic characteristics of each locality and sports fashion and the sports competition peculiar to each local YMCA. On the one hand, the health gymnastics workshop began to emerge as the outside athletic program held by Pyongyang, Hamheung and Kwangju YMCAs in the 1930s, which is thought to contribute to promoting the health of local residents.

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조갑희GapHeeCho

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This study aims to understand the characteristics of individual strategical systems and the recent trend of modern soccer by analyzing the varied processes of World Cup Soccer and the strategies of the teams that won the finals in the past World Cups. Starting with the two-back system and the W. M. formation from the 1930's to 1950's, the strategies of soccer have been widely used with the 4:4:2 system and then developed into a variety of strategies such as the 4:3:3, 1:3:3, 1:4:2, 4:3:2:1, 4:5:1, and so on. The Mexican World Cup in 1986 established the concept of an offensive midfielder; the Italian World Cup in 1990 introduced the strategy of oppressive soccer using the 3:5:2 system; the USA World Cup in 1994 brought compact soccer system using 4:4:2, a strong defensive strategy; the French World Cup in 1998 preferred the compact soccer with combined effects of three factors: players' techniques, physiques, and teamwork. It is expected in the 2002 World Cup that the offensive midfielders will continue to do their role and the team which manages to play the above-mentioned factors perfectly: players' techniques, physiques, and teamwork, will win the final. The Korean National Team adopted the 4:4:2 strategy in the 1986 Mexican World Cup; the 4:4:2 and the 6:2:2 strategies in the 1990 Italian World Cup; and the 1:4:4:1 strategy in the 1994 USA World Cup. It also followed the current international trend of a midfielder in the 1998 French World Cup. However, the failure of forming a trinity of the three factors of players' techniques, physiques, and teamwork led the Korean National Team to be frustrated with their attempt to advance to the Final 16 in the 1998 French World Cup.

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한왕택WangTaikHan

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To know how military gymnastics was introduced and formed in cnlightenment period in Korea. I divided into two periods and analyzed: the introduction of military gymnastics before the Gap-o Reform of 1894 and the introduction and formation of military style gymnastics after the Gap-o Reform of 1894. The followings are summary of this. 1) The first introduction of military gymnastics in Korea was when japanese intructor, Horimodo taught 100 cadet officers as a military training in 1881. but direct introduction from a foreign country was when Jang dae-yong, Shin Bock-mo returned to Korea, who studied Hand gymnastics, company and battalion drill book and flexible gymnastics, mechanical gymnastics in Army Doyama School in Japan, returned to Korea, they showed those gymnastics in front of Emperor Gojong as an example. It was Seo Jae-pil appointed as a head officer of the Training Department instructed gymnastics and showed an example in front of Gojong in 1884 that military style gymnastics was done by a Korean officer at first. 2) On July in 1895, the first public school, Hansung Teachers' School adopted gymnastics course as a textbook of military style gymnastics and on August, elementary school did too, After that military style gymnastics was taught in Foreign Language School too. 3) After 1895, the officers who studied in Japan Army Acadermy and returned to Korea, set up Army Military School during 1896-1898 and they instructed flexible gymnastics, mechanical gymnastics, and military style gymnastics such as individual training, platoon training, company training, and battalion training. And they wrote gymnastics drill-book and contributed to the development of military and school gymnastics. In addition, they instituted Military Yunsung School in 1904 and contributed the bringing up gymnastics leader and the education of military style gymnastics. 4) After Tonggambu(colonial government) changed governmental regulation into school order in 1906, gymnastics was abolished in general school and adopted in high school, teachers' school. After 1905, many private school were established and adopted gymnastics as an educational movement of recovering country by discharged soldiers. 5) In 1909, military gymnastics was adolished by the revision of school order. And instead of that, school gymnastics called Sweden or scientific gymnastics was introduced. Like adove mentioned the military style gymnastics in enlightenment period in Korea was originated from Japan. And after 1906, it was done by mainly many private school as a movement of recovering country. Finally, in 1909, it was adolished in the scene of school education.

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남중웅JoongWoongNam

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Recently the recognition on the problem of ethics in sport phenomena is getting universal. We can, however, find out the limit that most of discussions on the problem of sport ethics is being placed emphasis on ideological view which is closely concerned with the class structure in the level of institution, policy, system. The alternative to be able to make up for this limit will be the sport social ethical discussion which deals with the problem of 'sport structure',or 'sport oder' as major subject. The sport oder is associated with the essential function or the practice of common good where the universal value can be pursued morally beyond the ideological view. Nowadays, compared with the interest and the importance in sport social ethics, in fact, sport social ethical discussion is unstable and confusing in the theoretical system. The reason can fundamentally be issued from the confusion in the basic concept of sport social ethics. Accordingly this research which has set out from the recognition on this kind of problems is to study on the formation possibility of sport social ethics based on the various theories and conceptual types of social ethicists.

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고의석WiSugKo , 이경훈KyungHoonLee

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문윤제YunJeMoon

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This study was to investigate pain coping response in high school athletes. Using sports inventory for pain coping response(SIP) of Meyers et al(1992) and A type personality test of Seo(1995), This study was to investigate 1) pain coping response in high school athletes, 2) significant differences in according to athletic performance levels, personality, injury-potential, sex, athlete career. The participants were 231 high school athletes(male: 146, female: 85) in the C city and K city. The conclusions obtained from this study; Pain coping response on athletic performance levels indicated that top-rank athletes scored higher in direct coping(p<.05) than bottom-ranked athletes. Personality type indicated that A personality type score higher in catastrophizing, avoidance(p<.05) subscales to reflect the negative dimension than B personality type. Athletes competing in high injury-potential events scored higher in coping, cognitive, total coping response(p<.05) than athletes in low injury-potential events. In pain coping response in according to sex, Males scored higher than female in coping, cognitive, body awareness and total coping response(p<.05). Athletes with high athlete career(3-4 years, more 4 years) scored higher in cognitive(p<.05) than athletes with low athlete career(under 2 years).

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박정호JeongHoPark , 이강헌KangHunLee

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The purpose of this study was to find out that how much the difficulty of a goal given can affect a middle school student's performance of jumping up and an intrinsic motivation. The test was done by the 120 middle school students. An each group is composed of 30 members. The students were exercised by jumping up for 6 weeks. For the period, an intrinsic motivation was measured every 3 weeks. A collected data were classified into the difficulty of setting up a goal and the time of measuring it. The gathered information was done by MANOVA, 2-way ANOVA by repeated measure, Contrast Test and SNK multiple Rang Test. First, In the performance of a middle school student's jumping up, the group given a goal(easy, proper, hard) was more excellent than a controlled one. Especially, the enough proper group to achieve a goal was better than the controlled one in the record of jumping up. Second, In the study of an intrinsic motivation at a middle school according the difficultys of goal, the former got a higher point than the latter at interest, capability, and a factor on trial. But we couldn‘t find any difference in the measuring time. Third, In the difficulty of setting up a goal and an intrinsic motivations, a tense factor had not any differences in the difficulty of goal and measuring time.

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정상택SangTackChung

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A review of the research examining intellectual performance indicates that a generally positive relationship between motor functioning and intellectual performance exists. However, many of these studies have only investigated the relationship between various physical fitness variables and intellectual performance. That is, most of the research conducted so far has examined strictly physical motor tasks (e.g., aerobic activities such as running) as correlates to intellectual performance, but has yet to delineate the relationship between cognitive motor tasks and intelligence. In addition, several researchers have noted powerful positive effects of cognitive motor task training in tasks involving motor skill performance, cognitive functioning, and intellectual performance. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate how cognitive motor tasks influence the left and right hemisphere intelligence of young children (five to seven years old). Sixty (male=30, female=30) preschool children whose ages ranged from 5 to 7 years participated in this experiment. Thirty children were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: (1) cognitive motor task group and (2) a control condition. Tasks used for this study were 55 cognitive motor tasks as such as mirror drawing, card sorting, finger tracing, balancing on a log, inserting a pin into a bottle, pulling fish, positioning Lego pieces, and more. The K-ABC was again administered upon the completion of the 3-month experiment. The results of this study indicated that the cognitive motor task group showed a significant increase in simultaneous processing score (right hemisphere intelligence) than the control condition. These results will be discussed in context of recent

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최영준YoungJunChoi , 최만식ManSikChoi , 문익수IkSooMoon

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The purposes of this study were to : (1)translate the RSBH(Rudd-Stoll-Beller-Hahm Value Judgement Inventory; Rudd, 1998) which is an english questionnaire into Korean and (2)empirically measure social character and moral character among student athletes(n=73), physical education majors(n=93) and general students(n=78) by the RSBH translated into Korean. Gender(male=103, female=141) was also measured because of the previous known differences in character development studies. Such could interact within the group of student athletes, physical education majors and general students. The results are as follows; On the social character, there was a significant difference with the main effect of Status(p＜ .01). There was a significant difference with the main effect of Gender(p＜ .01). But there was not a significant difference for the interaction of Gender×Status for the ANOVA(p＜ .05). In addition, Student athletes(M=28.86) scored significant higher than physical education majors(M=31.95) and general students(M=34.85). Moreover, the social character scores of male students(M=30.04) were higher than female students(M=32.84). On the moral character, there was a significant difference with the main effect of Status(p＜ .01). There was a significant difference with the main effect of Gender(p＜ .01). But there was not a significant difference for the interaction of Gender×Status for the ANOVA(p＜ .05). Moreover, Student athletes(M=25.58) scored significantly lower than physical education majors(M=28.58) and general students(M=32.04). Moreover, the moral character scores of male students(M=26.53) were lower than female students(M=30.43).

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남승구SeungGuNam

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The purpose of this study was to empirically examine the relationship between Pro-Social Behavior and Sports Participation of Adolescent's. For accomplishing this purpose of the study, the 320 subject were selected by the stratified cluster random sampling method from the participants in sports of 16 middle and high schools located in Kyoung-gi do. The survey questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaire for the pro-social behavior was developed by Eisenberg(1989) and standardized in Korean language by Yang, Jin-Sook(1991). The statistical methods utilized in this study for analyzing the collected data were reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance and standard multiple regression analysis. From the analysis of this study, the following conclusions were obtained: Firstly, adolescent's pro-social behavior are different by the type of participation in sports. In detail, the participants in sports are more pro-socially than non-participants. Secondly, degree of participation in sports influence on pro-social behavior. In detail, the longer the participation in sports, the higher the pro-social behavior. The more frequent the participation in sports, the higher the pro-social behavior.

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안민석MinSeokAhn

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The purpose of this study investigates the leisure and sporting activities of the ordinary people in North Korea. As leisure and sporting activities reflect a social value and structure, this study contributes to understanding the social system and mechanism of North Korea. The research method utilizes content analysis and in-depth interview. Due to the limited references and interviewees, the results may be not generalized for the entire population of North Korea; however, it reveals the leisure style and mode of the ordinary people in North Korea that it has been not previously known. The results show that the leisure and sporting activities in North Korea remain very basic. Because of the limited leisure time, poor leisure facilities and leisure equipment, the people pursue monotonous and restricted leisure activities. Nevertheless, popular activities such as drinking, trump game, soccer and table tennis means that the notion of Homo Ludens works even under chuche ideology. Also, children in North Korea are greatly involved in leisure activities oriented by playing in group. Finally, the results provide some suggestions to promote the sport exchange between South Korea and North Korea in the future. Support of sport goods and equipment for North Korea, integration of sport terms between the South and the North, and exchange of Taekwondo should be considered.

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이경훈KyungHoonLee

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임재구JaeGooLim

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The newspaper aims at revealing on the social facts for the public, and plays an important role in having people right to know. It also works the functions that analyze many problems a latent solution of human society, make an alternative plan and correct solution, and watches for the power relations. Especially, the sports newspaper reports all of the sports events, and it furnishes the information which gives a right to know the fact related to sport phenomenon for readers. Then, the sports newspaper contributes to social welfare such as cooperating with people. It also may be handed down our culture of sports. First of all, the sports newspaper is able to make an entertainment. According to the sports newspaper, it tend to report with kinds of popular sports and main player, absence of deep articles, and commercial broadcasting. However, the sports newspaper is unable to make various popular voices and lead people into the right path. It just imply to take pleasure in looking at the newspaper. It is impossible that sports newspaper makes it possible to demand daily magazines. As the part of speech field, the sports newspaper is responsible for a social duties. Especially, it takes charge of professional media for special sports field. Until we have to put a sports journalism, the question that the sports newspaper insists on public supporting of commercial massages is existing on the social issue. Consequently, this study focuses on that sports newspaper in Korea should concern on sports newspaper problems that satisfy with the public opinions. The method of this study uses the critical theory that distort the truth and justify a certain of systems. Like this, the researcher observes the point at chronic issues in the sports newspaper and look at going forward proper solutions.

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조춘환ChunHwanCho , 이강헌KangHunLee

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It is common opinion that physical activity is a useful leisure activity which has mental, socio-cultural value as well as physical value of midshipmen. Therefore, we may can say that physical activity contribute to the improvement of leisure and life satisfaction through answering one's physiological, psychological, social need and being in charge of the role which gives enjoyment and the chance of happy life. And this study was to promote the physical strength, emotional sound, and leisure opportunity of midshipmen through the examination the relationship between participation in physical activity and leisure satisfaction. To accomplish the goal of this study researcher sampled the 498 midshipmen as a subject of this study and used the questionnaire study method. The method of statistics used to analyze the collected data are covariance analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The results of this study is as follows; 1. There is a close relationship between the grade of year and leisure satisfaction, and it increase to the grade of year of midshipmen. 2. There is a close relationship between physical activity and leisure satisfaction. 3. The leisure satisfaction is in proportion to strength, frequency, period, and the time required of participation on the physical activity. 4. There is a close causal correlations between the degree of participation on physical activity and leisure satisfaction.

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조한범HanBeomCho , 김미향MeeHyangKim , 최성은SungEunChoi

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This study was designed to investigate, the effect of music rope-skipping Exercise on group cohesion and sociality of boys' middle school students. By the same token, the purpose of this study was to suggest a proposal contributing to development of group cohesion and sociality based on the comparison of Music Rope-Skipping Exercise and Individual Rope-Skipping Exercise. The subjects in this study were 240 second grade Boys' Middle School students in Kyounggi-do. The method was experimented 3 times a week for 10 weeks, dividing into Music Rope-Skipping experiment group and Individual Rope-Skipping control group. In order to measure improvement degree of group cohesion and sociality, research questionnaires were established. After that comes to last stage, the verification data were analysed based on T-test and corrected with the SPSS/pc program. The research results and conclusions can be summarized as follows. First, the experiment group which performed Music Rope-Skipping Exercise showed statistically higher group cohesion and sociality than Individual Rope-Skipping Exercise group in verification of the post test. Second, Music Rope-Skipping Exercise group had more affirmative effects on improvement in sociality compared with Individual Rope-skipping group. Third, the comparison of correlation with influence degree of group cohesion and sociality in Music Rope-Skipping Exercise group was significantly high.

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유응욱EungUkYu , 김종욱JongWookKim

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The Purpose of this study was to analyze female student's perception for the physical education from many sides on the whole. To achieve this purpose, the method used in this study was the qualitative case study. Participants of this study consisted of six female middle school students, four female high school students and six female adults. The data of this study were collected through the in-depth interviews and literature reviews. The collected data were analyze by the cultural research approach of inductive category analysis(Patton, 1980). The validity, reliability and morality of the study were ascertained. The results of the analysis and interpretation of the study are as follows: perception content and influence factors. First, the perception content is the perception for curriculum, athletics textbooks, the optional subjects and the ideal class of the participants. Second, the influence factors are something that influence on participants' perception about the physical education classes ; physical education facilities, learning environment, entrance examination system, the distinction of sex, mass media, influence of parents.

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김성곤SeongGonKim

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The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between sports participation level and the characteristics of one's personality, For the purpose of this study, to compare personality characteristics according to the sports participation level. And the subjects were 367 middle school students at Gwang-Ju province. The scale used in this survey was standard personality diagnosis questionnaires by Kim, in-su(1993), that were prepared by Thurston's seven factors extracted from Guilford's data. Statistics used in this data analysis were ANOVA, post-hoc test using the PC-SAS package program. The result of this study were as follows : There is significant difference in the personality characteristics of active, vigorous, impulsive, emotional stability, reflective variables according to the sports participation level. And there is no significant difference in the personality characteristics of dominant, sociality variables according to the sports participation level.

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김승일SeungIlKim , 김현식HyunSikKim

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The purpose of this study was to holistically and multi-perspectively analyze the teaching activities of dance teachers in the art high school. To obtain this objective, Four dance teachers from each different school in Seoul and Kyung-ki areas were selected through the purposeful sampling method. They are chosen based on the evaluations which was performed through the class observation, in-depth interview, collecting records, and descriptive survey. The document was encoded and reviewed by specialists. The document was proved to be reliable, appropriate, and moral. The teaching activities of art high school's dance teachers were divided thematically by art high school's process of dance education and behavior of dance teachers. After careful analyses of those material, the following findings were obtained. First of all, the contents of the curriculum in art high school were reflected in the awareness of people who participated this research. The education process of art high school was divided by the purpose and contents of educational curriculum, and also reconstruction of educational curriculum. On the purpose of dance education, all of dance teachers think that purpose of learning at the art high school dance system were to be trained as a specialized artist by all around education and specialized education. the dance teacher's job was not just teaching techniques of dancing. They emphasize the character building of their students and thus to be grown as one of important member of this community throughout the dance education. Also they believe that the art high school has to educate students in various perspectives and in developmental aspects. Throughout the education program of art high school, it is believed to be important to produce different kinds of people. They usually think they have to produce not just only professional dancers, but also specialists in stage light, stage music, dance uniforms, dance producers, and others. The dance teachers think that art high school education was just practical training for producing professional dancers. So they have to endure hard time to accommodate Ministry of Education's rules. Also it also believed that the present education process was closely connected to education process of college. The modal of standard dance education process was determined by the standard of entrance to the college. Since the evaluation of the dance education was determined by the outcome of students' college entrance, the dance teachers modify their teaching contents to heighten the outcomes. Also the courses reorganized by dance teachers were variable across the art high schools.

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김진희JinHeeKim

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This study was to analyze and describe the interaction of the physical education in elementary school as the case study. In order to obtain the above objectives, I analyzed the contents in the inductive category by selecting the typical case in which the 1 years class observation, in-depth interview, learning log and the journal were collected, while this study included 17 teachers of 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th graders and students. And this study also represents the participants observation, triangulation, member checks, and the validity through the utilization of the subsidiary materials. As the interaction of the physical education at elementary school was analyzed and described, so the entities of the interaction are translated into each 5 types of attention and relevance, 3 types of confidence and 2 types of satisfaction. This study revealed the characteristics of the interaction to some extent by describing and interpreting the interaction occurring during the class in elementary school at students and teachers side as well. These results are providing how the interaction leads to the desirable physical education with the in-depth understanding for the interaction which has been excluded from the class. It gives the feedback of the class to the teachers and makes them seek for the new option in the class. It also laid the foundation that the combination of theory and practice can be acquired only through the field research by vitalizing the proper characteristics of the interaction, which the physical education has.

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박윤식YoonShickPark

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The purpose of this study was to identify the attitudes of students toward teacher behavior in physical education. The subjects (N=1870) were selected from six large urban middle schools in Seoul, Korea. A 37-statement questionnaire was designed to provide information about student attitudes toward teacher behavior. Subjects were instructed to complete a questionnaire consisting of 37 statements which asked their attitudes and feelings toward teacher behavior. All data were analyzed regarding over-all category and the four subcategories in attitudes toward teacher behavior and gender differences in attitudes by chi-square test. There were differences in the over-all category and all subcategories and in the observed attitudes of middle school students in physical education classes toward teacher behavior. Subjects had more positive than negative attitudes in the over-all category and all subcategories. Subjects had the highest positive attitudes in the subcategory of planning for instruction. Subjects had the highest negative attitudes in the subcategory of management and communication. Regarding the gender differences, there were significant differences between males and females in the over-all category and almost all subcategories except the subcategory of planning for instruction. Males demonstrated more positive and negative attitudes in over-all category. Males demonstrated more negative attitudes in the subcategories of ‘planning for instruction’, ‘learning task and evaluation’ and females demonstrated more negative attitudes in the subcategories of ‘implementing instruction’ and ‘management and communication’.

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이웅기WoongGiLee , 변호광HoKwangByun , 소재무JaeMooSo , 김대용DaeYongKim , 이근일KeunIlLee , 김상국SangKookKim

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The purpose of this study was to identify the participation styles on interdisciplinary learning of elementary school physical education and mathematics through physical activities. Among a total of 40 subjects, nine students (5 boys and 4 girls) in second grade of an elementary school in Seoul were selected by purposive sampling. In order to collect qualitative data needed for this study, four action research methods were conducted: narrative observation, videotaping, in-depth interviews of students and their teacher, and audio taping. Data were analyzed by taxonomic analysis. Nine styles of participation were categorized: the leader style, the sincerity style, the inquiry style, the preference style, the alignment style, the obligation style, the audience style, the sideline style, and the resistance style. 1. The students of leader style showed that they recognized their own function levels high and have initiative in group's activity and are active in activity. 2. Students of sincerity style showed that skill level was high or middle and performed their role faithfully. 3. The students of inquiry style had appeared curiosity and spirit of inquiry strongly while performed subject area or task. 4. The students of preference style were characterized by "like or not to like". Therefore, they were sensitive of what would they like or not and showed their own emotion or thinking frankly. 5. The children of alignment style did not participate in learning activities independently. 6. The children of obligation style were weak in giving voluntary support to others and concentrating on the given tasks. 7. The children of audience style did not take part in tasks of activities, play, or games. They watched their peers' performance and their personalities were reserved. 8. The students of sideline style were indifferent about whatever their peers did. 9. The children of resistance style declined on teacher's direction or peer students' persuasion. It may have to be developed methods of learning participation for the children of obligation style, audience style, sideline style, resistance style that was appeared in this research.

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최희진HeeJinChoi

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of role performances of four beginning teachers in physical education (P.E.) at selected middle schools. Qualitative research methods with in-depth interviews, participant observation, and collection of documents (e.g., class documents, curriculum, schedule of annual assessment, teaching schedule) were employed to describe and analyze data. The findings can be summarized as follow; They carried out teaching subject matter, classroom (home room) teacher and administrative duties not different from those of 10 years' veteran teacher. They felt that the duties are difficult compared to their short teaching and administrative experiences. Teaching subject matter well is the most important thing among the teachers' roles in school. Most participants felt difficulties in teaching P.E. classes in their first year of teaching. The difficulties were in part caused by several factors including lack of sports facilities and equipments, lack of teaching methods and programs, difficulties of student control, and conflict of teaching perspectives with colleague. Many teachers felt that the role of classroom teacher is the most difficult duty. They felt difficulties in understanding characteristics of individual students and counselling with students and their parents. Relative to administrative duties, they felt different levels of difficulties according to assigned duties. The participants felt highest level of difficulty when they were assigned new tasks. They often considered administrative duties more important than teaching subject matter. This often resulted in sacrificing teaching their classes in order to complete administrative duties.

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김장환JangHwanKim , 박태권TaeKwonPark , 박진기JinKeePark , 이광호KwangHoLee

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This study seeks to identify and compare levels of desire for and obstacles to participating in extracurricular sports activities for participants and non-participants among fifth- and sixth-grade students in Gumi District. Although the initial sample included 800 students from fifth and sixth grades, the final valid sample used for this study consisted of 628 (78.5%) students. The Window SPSS/pc+10.0 package was used to analyze the data. To assess the levels of participation desire and participation obstacles based on individual characteristics, the one-way ANOVA was applied; to assess the participation desire and participation obstacles levels for participants and non-participants in extracurricular sports activities, the one-way ANOVA were applied. The following results were attained from testing the hypotheses as explained above.First, in regard to the participation desire level based on individual characteristics, male students displayed higher levels of fulfillment, desire to form a society, physical health, psychological relaxation, and risk-taking than female students. Students with a mother showed higher levels of fulfillment, physical health, and desire for society. And students from middle- and lower-class families demonstrated a stronger drive to achieve than students from upper-class families. Second, in regard to the participation obstacles levels based on individual characteristics, female students demonstrated greater personal, social, economic, time, and familial participation obstacle levels than male students. Students with a working mother were restrained by a high level of social obstacle, while students from middle-and lower-class families dealt with greater economic, familial, and time participation obstacles than students from upper-class families. Third, when the participation desire level for participants and non-participants was examined, participants displayed a greater desire to form a society, achieve physical health, psychological relaxation, fulfillment, and happiness, and take risks than non-participants. On the other hand, non-participants experienced higher levels of personal, social, economic, time, and familial obstacles to participation than participants.

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김장환JangHwanKim , 이광수KwangSooLee , 박진기JinKeePark

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The purpose of this study is examine the relationship between Taekwondo participation of elementary school students and their morality development. This study examined the effects of personal attributes and Taekwondo participation·non-participation, morality development. The next examined the effects of participation duration, frequency, intensity, morality development. We have using duster sampling, questionnaire subjects were 448 students the male and the female frame the fifth to the sixth elementary school in Dae-Gu, let them write in the way of self-administration and got 442 effective random sampling(98.6%). The used program of this material is SPSS 10.0 statistic program. The data analysis, statistics employed the study were frequency analysis, two-way analyses of variance, univariate multiple regression by enter. Findings of this study are as follows. 1. Taekwondo and sport participation revealed the higher morality development compared to academy and non-participation. 2. The morality development was direted to the year of their father's academic career. Third. The higher duration in Taekwondo participation showed the higher morality participation. These study finding is thought that give effect that Taekwondo and other sports activity are affirmative in morality development except body development to students. Therefore, if persistent Taekwondo participation and voluntary moral education of leader consist, is thought to affect affirmative morality development.

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유희형HeeHyungYoo

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The purpose of this study to analyze the influence of adolescent's TV Sports Program Watching on Sports Needs and Participation in Sports Activities. To accomplish the purpose of this study, the 691 subjects were selected using the systematic stratified cluster random sampling method from junior and senior students who study at middle and high school in Seoul, in 2001. The survey questionaries were used to collect data. The questionaries for TV sports program watching was developed by Reeves and Miller(1977) and Csikszentmihaly(1975) and standardized by Lee(1997) and the questionaries for sports needs developed and standardized by Lim, et al(1989). The statistical analysis methods utilized in this study for analyzing the collected data are Frequence, standard multiple regression and path analysis through SPSS/PC+ 10.0version for Windows. from the analysis of this study, The following conclusions were obtained: Firstly, adolescent's TV sports program watching are partially influence on the their sports needs. in detail, the higher satisfaction and flow of TV sports program watching, the higher their sports needs. Secondly, adolescent's TV sports program watching are influence on the their participation in sports activities. In detail, the more TV sports program watching, the more participation in sports activities. Thirdly, the sports needs according to TV sports program watching are influence on the their participation in sports activities. In detail, the higher sports needs, the higher participation in sports activities. Lastly, a causal relation appears among adolescent's TV sports program watching, sports needs and their participation in sports activities.

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김동건DongKunKim , 조민행MinHaengCho

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Abstract

This study examined factors underlying enjoyment of sport participation using a 10-item Thurstonian paired comparison inventory. The sample consisted of youth who are participating in soccer and basketball team as a after school program. Considerable consistency was found across both sport and age levels in the relation importance of different enjoyment factors. Factors that were interpreted as being intrinsic were consistently related as being most important, whereas extrinsic factors were consistently rated least important of the 10 factors. The social factors(being on a team and being with friends) were consistently of intermediate importance. The results of this study were interpreted in terms of contemporary views of intrinsic motivation.

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박흥세HeungSePark , 유용상YongSangYoo , 여인성InSungYeo , 이철원ChulWonLee

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The purpose of this study was to examine the leisure competence and leisure satisfaction of recreation leader in Korean society. It may be useful for the fundamental data to understand the psychological aspects of recreation leader related to leisure participation. The subjects were male and female recreation leaders who are working in Seoul and Kyunggido now. By using Convenience sampling method, a total 400 questionnaires were set out and finally 305 questionnaires were used in this study. For the data analysis, SPSS 8.0 Package was used and Frequency, factor analysis, reliability analysis, chi-square, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression were effectively used specially. The following were results of the study. 1. In social demographic difference, there were significant differences in leisure competence(physical, social and cognitive). Specially, depending on the differences of academic background, college major and monthly salary, leisure competence was differently suggested. 2. In sex difference, there were significance differences in leisure satisfaction(psychological, educational, social, recuperative, physiological, environmental satisfaction). According to sex, female had a high rate on social and recuperative satisfaction rather than male. According to career, the leaders who have been working from 5 yrs to 10 yrs had a high rate than the leaders, working over 10 yrs. 3. In the relationship between leisure satisfaction and leisure competence, the physical competence was closely related to psychological, educational, recuperative, and physiological satisfaction. Social competence was related to psychological, educational, recuperative and physiological satisfaction. Cognitive competence was interacted to social and environmental satisfaction.

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이복희BokHeeLee , 성락민RakMinSung

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of therapeutic recreation activity of physical activity on adaptive behavior and emotional behavior in children with autistic mental retardation. The subjects were 40 children with autistic mental retardation. The therapeutic recreation activities consisted of rhythmical, group game and sports skill activities. These activities were administered for a duration of 32 weeks. The test of adaptive behavior was used by the K-ABS(Korean-Adaptive Behavior Scale). The emotional behavior test was used by the Emotional Behavior Checklist of McCarron-Dial Systems. The major finding of this study that the experimental group participated therapeutic recreation activity showed significant increase(p<.001) in adaptive behavior and emotional behavior level, but not in control group. It could be concluded in this study that continual participation in therapeutic recreational activities by children with autistic mental retardation, will help to increase their adaptive and emotional behavior levels in a positive way.

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조한범HanBeomCho , 김미향MeeHyangKim , 류혜영HeYoungRyou

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Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to offer a camping program to children to experience an instructive field activity and to be a wholesome democratic citizen. The sample of this study was elementary students in 5·6 grade who took a camping program in H Youth Training Camp between May 1st and June 30th in 2000. The sample was selected by stratified cluster random sampling method. They were total 336, 176 boys and 160 girls. The data was the amended questionnaires composed by Chun-ja Shin (1991) and Hyun-ho Han (1994). The questionnaires were filled with self-evaluation. The data was subject to Cross Analysis, Frequency Analysis, Analysis of Covariance, Multiple Classification Analysis, Standard Multiple Regression Analysis and Person's Correlation Coefficient using the Windows SPSS Ver. 8.0. The level of significance of all hypothesis tests was α=0.5. From the analyses of the data, the study reached the following conclusions: Frist, participation motive is related to satisfaction of camping program. It depends on a program, but self-participating makes higher satisfaction. It influences them in following order, physical activity, the spirit of cooperation development, emotion development, the spirit of law observation development and enterprising spirit development. Second, attitude of participation is related to satisfaction of camping program. The more positive attitude of participation and the more satisfaction of camping program. It influences them in following order, emotion developing, physical activity, the spirit of law observation development, the spirit of cooperation development and enterprising spirit development. As a result of this study, the important factors of satisfaction of camping program are the distinction of sex, the number of times of participation, participation motive, attitude of participation and familiarity with a camping trainer. Therefore camping trainers have to do their best to make high satisfaction by coordinating these factors.

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홍석표SeokPyoHong

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강희숙HeeSukKang , 오대성DaeSeongOh

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Private sports facilities must be run to satisfy customers to the highest level in order not to make them switch. If their efforts fail to satisfy the customers, measure to recover the service failure must be taken. If the recovery trial even fails, switching barrier should be set up as the last measure. In this study, Human Barrier, Physical Barrier, Site Barrier and Non-monetary Switching Cost were suggested as important switching barriers which could be taken as the last measure to keep the customers unswitched. Then the characteristics of customers' switching Barrier were examined in detail. An empirical study showed that the customers of private sports facilities were considering Human Barriers like skill, familiarity and kindness of instructors, and Physical barriers of well equipped facilities, as the most important switching barriers. Compared to customers of other service industries such as beauty salon, vehicle maintenance center and bank, customers of private sports facilities turned out to be considering Human and Physical Barriers as the more important barriers than others. Compared to the customers' recognition, instructors of private sports facilities considered Human Barriers as the more important barrier while considering other barriers such as Physical Barrier, Site Barrier, and Non-monetary Switching Cost as less important ones. The study showed that, for the customers of sports facilities, attraction by competitors, poor facilities and instructors were the main factors to the formation of switch intent. In concluson, providing customers with good facility and quality instructors is not only the effective way to prevent a formation of switch intent at the beginning, but also a way to enforce switching barrier effect to the already formed switch intent.

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하지원JiWonHa , 김화영HwaYoungKim , 김수잔SuSanKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in professional baseball spectators' purchase behavior of licensed products according to their involvement. The study employed a questionnaire, where 'involvement' consisted of questions about spectators' level of interest in baseball, teams, players, media news, and information from the internet. 'Purchase behavior' consisted of questions about frequency, time, motivation, expenditure and place related to purchase, as well as the person for whom the product is being purchased. Also, 'purchase intention' consisted of questions about whether the purchase was an impulse buy and whether the subject has intentions to buy more products in the future. The questionnaire's validity was evaluated by licensing experts, and since the Cronbach value was .85, it was deemed to be reliable. Out of 242 spectators who have at least once purchased a licensing product, 200 persons responded. They were selected from 2 games held in Seoul Chamsil Stadium, and analyses consisted of employing descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Chi-Square tests using SPSS/PC version 10.0. As a result, the following conclusions were drawn: First, expenditure, purchase place, and purchase influence does not differ statistically and significantly according to spectators' interest in baseball, teams, players, media news, and information from the internet. Second, purchase frequency differ statistically and significantly according to spectators' interest in players, and time of purchase differ statistically and significantly according to spectators' interest in both teams and players. Also, product receiver differ statistically and significantly according to interest in baseball, teams, and information from the internet. Third, buyers who seek information related to baseball are less likely to buy on impulse, and buyers who have high interest in baseball, teams, players and information from the internet are more likely to make future purchases

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김종ChongKim

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The purpose of this study was to establish the stadium marketing model through Fan Cost Index of spectator sport with consumer behavior, service satisfaction of professional sports by three professional sport leagues in Korea. The subject who were randomly sampled were 3119 the direct consumer professional soccer, baseball, and basketball. The frequency analysis, chi-square, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffe test were applied to analysis of direct consumer behavior with SPSS for win 10.0 program according to the purpose of data analysis. The results were as follows : 1) There were significant differences in means on the recognition of game schedule and fan services(or event) by three different sport leagues. There were significant difference in ticket purchasing method by three different sport leagues. Basketball fans and soccer fans used game schedule and the baseball fans used newspapers to recognize the program. In the case of fan service events, 2) The recognition of fan service had difference in main recognizing factor on inspection by three different sport leagues. Soccer fans received the news from others but the basketball and baseball fans received it from the electric signs or the broadcasts during the games. 3) In Fan Cost Index, transportation and parking fees were fairly the same among the three sports consumers but in consumption of souvenir and concession, soccer fans higher than the other two.

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이준수JoonSooLee , 이정학JeoungHakLee

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to search the management system for management efficiency of public sports facilities by investigating for the current status utilization, income and problem of its. The data collection was used the current status utilization, income and program of national public sports facilities based on efficiency evaluation criterion. The survey instrument was self developed based on information from prior studies conducted by Song, Hur and Ann(1998). The total sample of subjects(n=83) was obtained from those manager of national public sport facilities. In result, the average utilization index of national public sports facilities was 3.4 point. Therefore, it need to inter-cooperation system for management efficiency of public sports facilities but more efficiency and attactive for management efficiency require to total management system of recruitment, organization and marketing.

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정용민YongMinChung

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Abstract

Sports sponsor is wide spread method for the enterprise to use marketing communication that reminds public of positive image of the enterprise and its products. Through sports sponsor the enterprise not only can informed public of its trade mark and image of products but also can support sports event effectively. The purpose of study was to provide fundamental data for the enterprises that prepare for the big sports events like the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup. The subject that answered questionary of this study was 725 of high school and college students and grown-up persons who live in Pusan city and Kyung Nam county. The result was as followings. First. the activity for sports sponsor had positive significant relation with company image, purchase intention, participation of sports event and participation intention for sports event. Second, the activity for sports sponsor had significant effect on company image, purchase intention, participation of sports event and participation intention for sports event. In addition, company image had significant effect on participation intention for sports event. Therefore, the activity for sports sponsor will make public remember a certain company on TV or in sports ground, which can enable them to combine sports property such as fair play and vigorous with faith in the company. The company can hope that sports sponsor maintain the interaction between costumers and the company, thus, can attain desirable communication for their consumers.

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이지성JiSungLee , 하지원JiWonHa

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Abstract

This paper is written to show relation between the consumers' intention of purchase and their perception and evaluation on VI. The objects of study are VIs of professional soccer teams such as emblems and characters. This study shows the most dominant VI factor which affects the intention of purchase among familiarity, originality, meaning, diversity, and preference. The VIs which were examined in this paper are collected from 10 different domestic and foreign professional soccer teams and the results were drawn from a questionnaire. 10 emblems of 4 domestic teams, 3 Japanese and 3 British teams, and 10 characters of 5 domestic and 5 Japanese teams were used for the questionnaire. In this research, the sampled subjects are Seoul residents in their 10 to 40s. The number of the sample was 513 which includes both soccer fans and people who are not soccer fans. The questionnaire used for this study consists of i) evaluation of emblems, ii) characters (familiarity, originality, meaning, diversity, and preference), iii) the intention to purchase commercial product of the professional soccer teams. The statistics employed for data analysis were the correlation analysis and the multiple regression analysis. Through data and analysis, the following findings were obtained. First, the intention of purchase is affected by the emblem evaluation (familiarity, originality, meaning, diversity, and preference). Second, the intention of purchase is affected by he character evaluation (familiarity, originality, meaning, diversity, and preference).

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박중길JungGilPark , 박준희JunHeePark

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Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the trends of research activities of dance education in Korea. From the dance-related data base providing by the library of Korean Parliament, 489 studies conducted from 1958 to 2001 were selected. All studies were evaluated and categorized according to publication year, single or multi-authorship, publication type, area, topic, methodology, and university(institute) under examination. The results indicated that the amount of educational dance and its related literature was noticeably increased during 1990s. Theses took up more tan one half of the total production, while dissertations comprised only 2.6%. Regarding to research topics, most studies in the field of dance education focused on uncategorized area, which suggested the need of methodological shift. Ehwa Woman University, Chungang University, Hanyang University, Kyunghee University, Sejong University, Chosun University, and Sookmyung Woman University produced the majority of theses, dissertations, and articles. A few scholars contributed lots of studies, most of them approached not only to the same research area and topic as teaching-learning methods and creativity., but also used content analysis and survey.

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박은규EunKyuPark

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine primary school students' perception and participatory demands about dance instruction. For the purpose surveyed 368 primary school students using a modified version of questionnaire form, initially developed by Kim, Han-ki(1997), and which consisted of total 45 question items. Data obtained from the survey were statistically processed using SPSS 10.0 Program, and One-Way ANOVA to test mean difference among groups. Then x2-test was performed to determine frequency difference among groups. The result of the study is described as follows. First, some children, regardless with their gender, who liked to receive dance instruction responded that dance itself was very interesting and that they were originally competent in performing dance. While other children who didn't like dance instruction said that they were little interested in dance. The things which primary school children wished to learn in receiving dance instruction were aerobic and hip-hop. And they most preferred a 5th class or above as the time of the instruction. Second, for children's perception of dance instruction in accordance with their gender, girl students felt themselves more effects of the instruction on obtaining beauty, techniques, physical health, social skills, oder consciousness and mental health than boy ones. Third, girl students had more participatory demands for dance instruction than boy ones in regard to beauty, techniques, physical health, stability, mental health and self-satisfaction.

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박은규EunKyuPark , 박순이SoonYiPark

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The purpose of this study is to examine the current situation and improvement points of dance instruction at primary schools. For the purpose, this researcher made a questionnaire survey of randomly sampled teachers serving primary schools located in Daegu to determine the reliability and validity of the instruction. Regarding data from the survey, SPSS 10.0 Program was used to set the significant level of α< .05, One-way ANOVA to test mean difference among groups and then Duncan-test as part of post-test. Finally, x² -test was made to determine frequency difference among groups. The result of the study is described as follows. First, it was found that dance instruction was being provided using a playground or a general auditorium in most cases because most of the primary schools had no their own dance rooms. For problems with dance instruction, teachers whose service period was 1 to 5 years pointed out the excessive number of dance students and those having teaching experience of 6 years or above, lack in teachers' skills of the instruction. Most of the teachers had no experience of such training, but felt serious about the necessity of the training. Irrespective of their gender, those teachers said they had not received the training because they were not interested in dance or because they had no information on the practical process. Second, it was found that teachers did not frequently instruct dance irrespective of their gender although the instruction is included in the curriculum of primary dance education. With no relation to the period of teaching service, teachers made dance instruction mainly according to relevant contents as prescribed by the Ministry of Education. And in the instruction, they emphasized expressive aspects of dance irrespective of their gender and service period. Third, concerning the improvement points of dance instruction, teachers responded that a dance room and a small auditorium are most essential to provide the instruction to children properly and that dance instructors should have sufficient skills of basic movement and expression. In regard to items of practical training, teachers whose service period was 10 years or below wished to learn creative dance and those serving more than 10 years, local and foreign folk dances. In conclusion, improvement points of dance instruction at primary schools include the securement of dance rooms, the practical training of teachers and special instructors and the reasonable number of students for quality dance instruction.

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백현순HyunSoonBaek

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Abstract

Sung-Mu, a Buddhist Dance, which contains most techniques of the Korean dance, has been considered to have the most superior aesthetic value than other Korean folk dances in the aspects of dance motion and movements. The purpose of this study is to identify the dance techniques of Sung-Mu by analyzing its dance motions. Dance motions of Sung-Mu was analyzed by notating internal flows of dance by means of breath notation in order to identify the dance techniques of Sung-Mu. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, it was found that Sung-Mu has largely three dance type - pen type, crane type, and bow type. Second, the breath style is shown in the form of graph on the basis of breath notation by line notation. The space, time and force of breath are notated. Third, the analysis of Sung-Mu's dance motions based on the line notation revealed that Sung-Mu uses a breathing method that a breath drops momentarily when breathing out and accordingly that it adopts the Jeong-Chung-Dong method that the space, time and force of a breath remain stopped at the moment when the breath drops but there is still a movement. In addition, the graph of line notations shows high and low breaths, respectively, in turns and therefore that Sung-Mu also adopts the Sae-Sam-So-Sam method. The Yang-Woo-Sun method could be demonstrated by illustrating the dance notation of Sung-Mu's dance motions.

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최영란YoungRanChoi , 박남환NamHwanPark , 이성노SeongNoLee

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to make focus the communitarian characteristic contained in "Milyang Baekjung-Noli" which is a Korean traditional group-dance having been playing in Milyang region. Three major approaches has seemed to explain the characteristics on the Milyang Baekjung-Noli; First, the solidification of the communiy mind should be investigated for establishing our nativeness originality by our society and individual. Second, the Milyang Baekjung-Noli is preserved the original form almost. The factors of this is the living culture located nearly to reappear a form of our living. There is not enough research for athletic approach focusing physical practices and gymnastics, emancipatory approach stressing on liberating function, and economic approach relating the group-dance with agricultural productivity. These explanations seems to have some limitation on showing the communitarian characteristic of Milyang Baekjung-Noli, by which more comprehensive and systematic understanding on the group-dance would be possible.

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고성경SeongKyeongKo

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate changes of the cardiac systolic time intervals(STIs) during postural gradient changes in man. Subjects consisted of 15 healthy males that they were aged 23-24 years. The cardiac STI and Heather index(HI) were calculated using the impedance cardiogram that were recorded by new apparatus developed in Yonsei Medical Center. The impedance cardiogram was recorded in different 7 gradients which were 0˚, ±2˚, ±45˚ and ±90˚ according to the head position, and it was continuously recorded at each gradient. The each postural gradient was changed after supine resting, 15-20 min, and continued in 5 min. Significant prolongation of the HR, preejection period(PEP) and PEP/LVET, shortening of the left ventricular ejection time(LVET), STI, HI and 1/PEP2 were observed during the gradient of +45˚ and +90˚. But the values measured during -45˚ and -90˚ were reversed. Changes in fluid shift, filling volume, preload, after load and sympathetic activities may account for the observed this findings. It was meaningful that the early response during the postural gradient change was recorded accurately by impedance cardiography.

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고인태InTeaKo , 노호성HoSungNho , 김형돈HyungDonKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to establish of exercise intensity for improving cardiorespiratory function to 60-min steady state exercise among three exercise intensities; belowAT (the intensity 30 watts below AT), atAT, and aboveAT (the intensity 30 watts above AT). Nine healthy, male (n=9; 22.3±1.6 yrs) subjects performed each 60-min continuous exercise on the cycle ergometer. Oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and blood pressure were measured throughout each of the three exercise intensities 60 min exercise. VO2 remained essentially unchanged during belowAT. VO2 during the exercise at atAT averaged 31.4±4.1 ml/kg/min for the first 10 min and for the final 10 min, and the difference became statistically significant when repeated-measures ANOVA was applied. However, in VO2 atAT condition was 25.1±3.2 and 28.4±2.7 ml/kg/min, respectively, and the increase in VO2 was not significant. Furthermore, the average values of systolic blood pressure (176.2±19.0 mmHg), and V˙ E (63.7± 9.3 1/min) during atAT exercise were significantly higher than those measured during atAT condition. These results suggest that the prolonged exercise at atAT level intensity probably induces unfavorable physiologic stress. Exercise at atAT level intensity may be optimal for untrained or sedentary.

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곽이섭YiSubKwak , 백일영IlYoungPaik , 김찬회ChanHoiKim , 우진희JinHeeWoo

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Abstract

Several experimental findings suggested that the regular swimming training induce immune response, but there have been few papers which compare swimming training with immune response in mice spenocytes. This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swimming training on Index, the number of lymphocytes, and proliferative activity by spenocytes in BALB/c mice. The trained mice underwent a 10-wk endurance swimming training (5 times/wk) in water at 33- 37℃ for 60 min. And they were divided into 2 groups according to the regular swimming training (control & trained). Analytical items were weight change, spleen index, total lymphocytes, and lymphocyte proliferation. All data were expressed as mean, standard deviation and SEM by using SPSS package program (win 10.0). The result through the statistical analysis of this data were summarized as follows; 1. In the weight changes, there was significant differences in Control & Trained following the swimming training. 2. In spleen index changes, there was significant differences in Control & Trained following the swimming training. 3. In total spleen lymphocytes, Trained group was much higher than that of Control. 4. In lymphocyte proliferation of splenocyte, there was significant differences in Control & Trained after Media, ConA and LPS stimulation.

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권유찬YooChanKwon , 박상갑SangKabPark

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Abstract

The effects of exercise on immune function unclear. So the purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of lymphocyte proliferate, lymphocyte subset and NK cell after 16weeks aerobic exercise. Subjects were composed of twelve elderly women. The training program was composed of 50%HRmax(Intensity), 60 minutes per day(Duration), 4 frequencies per week(Frequency). Paired t-test was used to evaluate the difference of pre and post 16 weeks aerobic exercise. The 0.05level of significance was as critical level for the study. The results of this study are as follow ; 1) Weight(㎏), %body fat(%) were significantly decreased and V ˙ O2max(ℓ/min) was significantly increased in aerobic exercise group. 2) Lymphocyte proliferation was significantly increased in aerobic exercise group. 3) T-cell and T-helper cell were increased in aerobic exercise group. 4) NK-cell was increased in aerobic exercise group. In conclusion, lymphocyte proliferation was significantly increased, and NK-cell was increased in aerobic exercise group. So it is maybe thought that long-term aerobic exercise improved immune function in elderly women.

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조준용JoonYongCho , 이규성KyuSungLee

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Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurs when neurons in the memory and cognition regions of the brain are accompanied by accumulation of the 39 to 43 amino-acid long amyloid β-protein derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by cleavage with β and γ-secretase. In particular, cholesterol promotes Aβ42 secretion causing increase of β-secretase activity. To test this, the Alzhimer's disease model mice were subjected to treadmill exercise through free access to running wheels during course of experiment. Upon treatment, behavioral deficits were improved. In addition, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C levels were significantly reduced. The results of this study suggested that treadmill exercise in the Alzhimer's disease model mice resulted in the reduction of cholesterol levels, therby reducing Aβ42 secretions. Thus, the reduction of serum lipids through 12weeks treadmill exercise in Alzhimer's disease model mice might induce the promotion of learning and memory behaviors and exercise could be useful for the testing of compounds that have been shown to have considerable preventive effects.

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김재철JaeCheolKim , 이호근HoKeunYi , 황평한PeungHanHwang , 권영우YoungWooKwon , 김창근ChangKeunKim

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Abstract

It was the aim of this study to investigate the expression of VEGF protein in skeletal muscle by retraining. The male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent the treadmill running at the 55% of VO₂ max (20m/min, 10°, 90min/day, 5days/week) during 2 weeks training, 2 weeks training - 2 weeks rest and 2 weeks training - 2 weeks rest - 3 weeks training respectively. The expression of VEGF protein in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were examined by quantitative Western blotting. In the gastrocnemius VEGF protein expression were significantly increased in all group. In the soleus VEGF protein was significantly increased after 2 weeks training but returned at the level of the rest after 2 weeks rest. After 4 weeks retrainig VEGF protein expression was significantly increased. These results suggests that the high expression of VEGF protein by the retraining may be induced by the hypoxia, blood flow and the change of metabolism. Also, VEGF plays a role in the alteration and maintenance of vascular density in skeletal muscle

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김태운TaeWoonKim

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Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of physical performance on skeletal maturation in schoolboys and girls aged 9-12 years. The subjects consisted of 454 school boys and girls. Anthropometric characteristics included body weight, height, sitting height, bone widths, circumferences, and skinfold thicknesses. Skeletal maturation was assessed by the Tanner-Whitehouse II method. Skeletal age was determined by RUS scores (radius, ulna, and short bones). Physical performance tests included flamingo balance, sit and reach, grip strength, standing broad jump, sit-ups, 50m shuttle run, and endurance run. All analyses were carried out by the SAS computer programs (SAS Institute, 1988). The results showed that flamingo balance was not significant difference between skeletal maturity group in boys, but significant differences for sit-ups, standing broad jump, sit and reach, grip strength and endurance run between groups. Advanced group was better for those variables than the other two groups. For girls there were no significant differences for sit-ups, and shuttle run between maturity groups. On the other hand, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between groups for flamingo balance, grip strength, and endurance run. Advanced group showed higher mean values for standing broad jump, and grip strength, but normal maturity group showed lowest values for those variables.

Key Words

Skeletal maturation, Anthropometric, Physical performance

박상갑SangKabPark

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Abstract

Poor postural stability and gait ability in elderly women are associated with increased risk of fall and fracture. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a 36-week complex exercise program to improve the risk factors for fall and hip fracture. 47 elderly women aged 65∼68 years participate in this study. 25 subjects joined the exercise group and attended the exercise program and 22 served as the control group. Exercise program included stretching for 9 minutes, and back extension strength training for 10 minutes, followed by 23 minutes of weight bearing exercise at an intensity above 65∼75% of maximal heart rate, and 18 minutes of balance and posture training. The program was conducted 3 times per week for 36 weeks. The results showed that good walker's index in the exercise group was a significant improvement. Concerning deoxypy- ridinoline, exercise group got a significant difference(p<0.05) between baseline and 36 weeks. The BMD of femoral neck and trochanter in the exercise group was significantly(p<0.05) increased after exercise program. Regarding body sway, exercise group had a significant improvement(p<0.05). In conclusion, complex exercise program with weight bearing exercise at a moderate intensity and gait training for fall prevention were effective in offsetting the decline in BMD, hormone metabolic substrate in elderly women. In addition, this program have a positive effect on their postural stability and gait ability.

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배철웅CheolUngBae

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Abstract

This study was to investigate the effect on the activity of SOD and MDA. 14 subjects were divided into the antioxidation Vitamin Complex supplement(n=7), and the control(n=7) groups. The antioxidation Vitamin Complex supplement groups had 12 week taken a Vitamin C tablet with 1000mg/day and Vitamin E tablet with 671.14mg/day right after lunch. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Expermental Group displayed the greatest SOD activity after 12 weeks for the rest and all-out exercise. 2. The MDA change showed no significant differences after 12 weeks for the rest and all-out exercise of Expermental Group.

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신길수KilSooShin , 임승길SeungKilLim , 이석인SukInLee , 최대혁DaeHyukChoi , 조성연SungYunCho , 신창호ChangHoShin , 진정권JungKwonJin , 한상완SangWanHan , 김수미SuMiKim , 황종문JongMoonHwang , 김병곤ByungGonKim , 권영섭YoungSubKwon

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare physical fitness, isokinetic test(knee, trunk, elbow, shoulder) in Korea pro-baseball players according to position(pitcher, position player), and to provid.e the data for injury prevention, fitness level evaluation and training methodology. The subjects selected for this study were compared of ninety-one pro-baseball player. They didn't have any medical problem. They performed physical fitness test and isokinetic test by Cybex 6000 and 770 system. The data were analyzed utilizing independent-T test. The level of statistical significance was set at p<.05. On the basis of the results analyzed in this study, The result were drawn as follow: (1) Power and strength of position players in physical fitness were higher than pitchers(p<.05) but flexibility, muscular endurance, agility, cadiovascular endurance were no significant differences according to position; (2) Left knee flexor peak torque(Nm), left knee flexor peak torque % body weight, and right knee flexion/extension peak torque ratio of pitchers were higher than position players in 60 °/sec(p<.05). The other variables in knee extension/flexion test were no significant differences according to position; (3) Trunk flexion/extension peak torque ratio of position players were higher than pitchers in 30 °/sec(p<.05). The other variables in trunk extension/flexion test were no significant differences according to position; (4) All variables in elbow extension/flexion test were no significant differences according to position; (5) Shoulder internal rotation peak torque(Nm) and internal rotation peak torque % body weight of position players were higher than pitchers in 60 °/sec(p<.05). Shoulder external rotation peak torque(Nm) and external rotation peak torque %body weight of position players were higher than pitchers in 60 ° /sec(p<.05). Shoulder external/internal peak torque ratio were no significant differences according to position. Given these result, it seem that pro-baseball pitchers need plyometric exercises for get power and pro-baseball plyers need leg strength exercises for strength balance. Also isokinetic test is very useful for baseball player when training program planed.

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오재근JaeKeunOh , 김복주BokJuKim , 신영오YoungOhShin , 정희정HeeJungJung

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Abstract

BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Schizandra chinensis is well known for the efficacy of liver function reinforcement, removing thirsty and recovery from fatigue. In the recent study, we examined the efficacy of sports drink by using Schizandra chinensis for long-term and acute supplementation on serum metabolic substrates, electrolyte, stress indicators, related-enzymes and exercise performance, rectal temperature, heat shock protein70(HSP70). SUBJECTS: Elite long-distance runners(male, 21.3yrs, n=16) were selected and divided into two groups; experimental group(EXP, n=8) and control group(CON, n=8). METHODS: In long-term supplementation, beverage was supplemented 3 times per day to EXP. In acute supplementation, beverage was ingested 30minute before exercise. Serum biochemical elements were analyzed by auto blood analyzer. Exercise performance was measured by treadmill exercise test, HSP70 was detected by western blotting, rectal temperature was measured by rectal temperature probe. RESULTS: In long-term supplementation of Schizandra chinensis beverage, blood glucose and Na, Cl level significantly increased and lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase significantly decreased at rest. No differences were in exercise performance and rectal temperature increment and HSP70 concentration between groups. In acute supplementation, blood glucose and Na, Cl level significantly increased during exercise and recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Long and acute supplementation of Schizandra chinensis sports beverage altered blood glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, Na, Cl levels and affected recovery fatigue.

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우진희JinHeeWoo , 백일영IlYoungPaik

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training and L-arginine supplementation on GPX, MDA, and eNOS using SHR. We used normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats as a control to examine the differences among the variances . Fifty male rats(six weeks old) were divided into five groups: ten WKY control (WC), ten SHR control (HC), ten SHR L-arginine supplied (HA), ten SHR trained (HT), and ten SHR L-arginine supplied-tained (AT). Obtained results were as follows: In the GPX levels, HC was lower than WC, but there were no significant differences among WC, HA, HT, and AT. In the MDA levels, HC and HT were higher than WC, whereas HA and AT were lower than WC. In the eNOS levels, there were significant differences between WC and HC groups, but the other groups did not much differ. In conclusion, it was found that regular exercise training and supplement of L-arginine may prevent development of enhance GPX activity, reduce lipid peroxidation, and stabilize sensitive eNOS activity. However, many factors other than aerobic training and L-arginine affect oxidant-antioxidant system, and NO synthesis mechanism. Additional factors must be considered in order to present a more complete assessment of factors contributing to cardiovascular disease.

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전종귀JongGuiJun , 조민행MinHaengCho , 조병준ByungJunCho , 김학수HakSooKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of 12 weeks tennis exercise on the middle-aged women. The number of subjects were 8 women(40-50 aged group). Percent body fat, isokinetic strength, gas analysis were measured. The results were as followings; 1. The isokinetic strength of tennis exercise improved pretest and post test on group. The difference showed the statistical significanceon peak torque, peak torque B/W%. 2. The gas analysis of tennis exercise improved pretest and post test on group. The difference showed the statistical significance on HRrest, ˙V CO₂max, ˙V O₂max, ˙V O₂max/kg. 3. The difference of body composition fat improved pretest and post test on group. The difference showed the statistical significance on body fat%, body fat mass. Based on the findings of this study, the regular participation of tennis exercise help the middle-aged women to promote their health-related fitness.

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조준용JoonYongCho

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Abstract

This study investigated the inducible HSP72 expression in cardiac, soleus and plantaris muscle of the rat following fasting and swimming exercise. 16 male sprague-dawley rats were employed for the this study. The swimming exercise in rats were performed untill exhaustion. In the heart and soleus muscle sampled, the greatest accumulation of HSP72 was observed in the swimming exercise combined with 48hr fasting conditions whereas the greatest accumulation of HSP72 was observed in plantaris muscle in the swimming exercise condition. Thus, the exercise stress and metabolic stress (fasting) caused increased HSP72 in all three tissues. but, the level of HSP72 in all three tissues in responce to exercise stress and metabolic stress (fasting) were some different in a tissue-specific manner. These data indicated that the swimming exercise combined with 48hr fasting conditions more increase HSP72 accumulation than each of two conditions in locomotor muscles such as cardiac, soleus, and plantaris muscle. In addition, fasting other than exercise may also contribute to the increases in HSP72 levels.

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안창식ChangSikAhn , 조현철HyunChulCho

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of hormone and enzyme activities during Maglischo training program of different level swimming athletes(national, standing-athlete, ordinary). Subjects were included 7male national, 8male standing- athlete and 7male ordinary swimming athletes (totally 22 athletes). They participated in 12wks training program, and their blood was collected at rest, immediately after 200m maximal swimming and at the period of recovery, before and after training respectively. The results were obtaind as follows: 1. It was showed that the swimming periodization program was more effective for national and standing-athletes who are superior to ordinary athletes in training competence. 2. It was considered that the response of blood hormone and enzyme was highly related with exercise intensity and period of training adaptation. Therefore, It was considered that the present swimming periodization program was more effective to high level athletes rather than lower level athletes and, the response of blood hormone and enzyme were depends on training adaptation level. Also, It was indicated that the response of blood hormone and enzyme was highly related with exercise intensity.

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Swimming training, Hormone, enzyme activity, over-training

최석준SuckJunChoi , 김선호SunHoKim

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism with change in pulmonary function to combined training. One thousand middle students(500 male and 500 female) were selected as the experimental objects for ACE genotype in korean. Ninety students, men groups(n=45, II genotype 15, ID genotype 15, DD genotype 15), women groups(n=45, II genotype 15, ID genotype 15, DD genotype 15) participated in 12 weeks of combined both aerobic and resistance training to five times per week for 40-50minutes. The results of this study were as following; The first, vital capacity showed tendency of increasing in all ACE genotype(II, ID, DD) both men and women`s group after 6 weeks, but after 12 weeks only ID genotype had been increased as significant difference in both group. The second, forced vital capacity showed increasing in both group of all ACE genotype(II, ID, DD) after 6 weeks, but after 12 weeks, II, ID for men and only ID for women have increased significantly. The third, forced expiratory volume, for one second, showed increasing of all ACE genotype(II, ID, DD) in both group after 6 weeks, but after 12 weeks, only ID had increased significantly. Also, there was no significant difference both men and women`s groups at all ACE genotype. These results have shown response of pulmonary function variant for 12 weeks combined training as following ACE genotype.

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한성철SungChulHan , 조현철HyunChulCho , 신영오YoungOhShin , 오재근JaeKeunOh

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Abstract

Several studies have been reported that the genotypes of ACE were related to the endurance performance and coronary artery disease, the polymorphism of Apo E also were associated with blood lipid profiles and exercise-induced lipid alteration. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the genotypes of ACE and Apo E, cardiorespiratory endurance fitness(HRmax, AT, V˙O2max, Duration time) and blood lipid profiles(TG, T-C, LDL-C, HDL-C) in Judo players. The subject of this study consisted of elite Judo player(n=29) and control group(n=27). All subjects were college male students. Methods; Body composition was determined by the impedance method and cardiorespiratory endurance fitness was measured by using Bruce protocol in the treadmill. After overnight fasting, the blood was taken from antecubital vein for the analysis of the genotypes of ACE and Apo E and lipid profiles. Results; There was no difference in the distribution of ACE genotypes between two groups and ACE genotype did not influence on the cardiorespiratory endurance performance, but there were statistital significant differences in cardiorespiratory endurance performance between groups at the same genotype(II, ID > DD). No difference was observed in the genotype frequencies of Apo E genes between groups, and Apo E genotypes did not affect the lipid profile level, but there were significant differences statistically in lipid profile level at the same genotype between groups(lower TG, T-C, LDL-C level and higher HDL-C level in e3/3, e2/3, E2, E3 types than in e3/4, E4 types). Our result confirmed that there were serious relationships between blood lipid profiles and endurance performance phenotypes. In conclusion, these results do not support the hypothesis that the ACE polymorphism play a major role in cardiorespiratory endurance performance and the Apo E genotypes play a major role in lipid profile level.

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강형숙HyungSookKang , 강순아SoonAhKang , 조여원RyoWonChoue

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Abstract

Iron deficiency could interfere with normal growth and maturation, and might impair physical performance among physically active athletes. Exercise further requires adequate iron stores because training may induce loss of iron from the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hematological profiles of 13 female high school gymnasts and evaluate the correlations between of the hematologic profiles and soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR). Low hemoglobin (Hb; < 12mg/dL) group had lower value of ferritin and higher value of sTfR compared to high Hb (≥12mg/dL) group. There were correlations between blood iron parameters and sTfR level. Good positive correlations were observed between total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and percent body fat and BMI, and also between erythropoietin (EPO) and transferrin and sTfR. Plasma sTfR concentration appeared to be more correlative to iron status than other blood iron parameters. The blood concentration of sTfR is an useful marker expressing a functional iron deficiency than any other parameters. Female gymnasts were prone to inadequate iron status which might compromise their health and athletic performance.

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김창균ChangGyunKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shift of oxidative damage's factors MDA & LDH for the period of antioxidants mixture supplementation at specfic exercise intensities. The subjects were consisted of male 14 Korea National Bowlers who have been trained at training center of Korea Sports Council. To know the shift of variables was expreimented at point of before supplementation, after 4 & 8 weeks at 60% & 85%HRmax used treadmill by balke protocol. The 2 capsules in a day were supplemented for 8 weeks with the antioxidants mixture containing 500mg ascorbic acid of vitamin C, 400I.U α-Tocopherol of vitamin E, 50mg β-Carotene, 92.6mg selenium. The results of the study can be summerized in the followings ; MDA(malondialdehyde) was much higher after supplementation in 60% & 85%HRmax of 4 & 8 weeks than before supplementation, which showed the significant difference between before and after 4 & 8 weeks. After 4 weeks in 60%HRmax, the generation of MDA was slowed, but 85%HRmax MDA level was increased. So, it was expected as a antioxidants mixture supplement over 4 weeks in exercise intensity of 60%HRmax and over 8 weeks in exercise intensity of 85%HRmax. LDH(Lactate dehydrogenase) level was much higher after supplementation at the 60% & 85%HR max of 4 weeks than before supplementation, but the generation of LDH was suppressed after 4 weeks in 60%HRmax. In conclusion, it has been found that exercise intensities of 60% & 85%HRmax induced oxidative stress caused the generation of MDA and muscle damage. But antioxidant vitamin mixture should be treated over 4 weeks to scavenge the MDA, to protect muscle damage and to activity the antioxidant enzymes. And then, it was shown to effect in high exercise intensity of 85%HRmax.

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채원식WoenSikChae , 이민형MinHyungLee

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Abstract

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류지선JiSeonRyu

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of the ankle and the knee joint of three-dimensional angles determined in Euler/Cardan, Joint coordinate system, and Finite Helical method during walking. The results indicated that there were a little differences in abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation angle of the knee joint at toe-off among three methods, but change of angle through support phase was similar in aspect to each other. These results suggested that it was no problem to use any method in calculating the three-dimensional angles for the lower extremity's joints during the normal walking.

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박성현SungHyunPark , 김정태JungTaeKim

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Abstract

This study was designed to understand women's gait pattern based on the body mass index by analyzing and figuring out specific changes, which includes analyzing temporal and spatial parameters, and the variable of angle of lower joint which are shown in walking movement. For this purpose, 50 grown-up women(at the age of 20-59), who live in Jhinju and Masan, were sampled and broken down into three groups such as underweight group(BMI<20, n=18), normal group(20≤BMI<25, n=19), and overweight group(BMI≥25, n=13) based on judgement of the body mass index for the experiment. At the time GAITRite system and three-dimensional image analyzing system were used. Mean and standard deviations were calculated based on the body mass index using measured data, and one-way ANOVA was conducted to find out general differences and obtained the results as follows; 1. As for the rate of stance phase and swing phase, when the weight was on the both, underweight group showed lower rate of stance phase than normal group and overweight group. 2. As for the rate of single support and double support, there were no differences in case of left single support. And both at the rate of double support, right single support, underwight group showed differences between normal group and overweight group. 3. Related to the step time, and gait velocity, underweight group showed the fastest at the speed of 0.51 ±0.04sec., 126.21±12.54cm/sec.. Relate to the number of steps per minute, underweight group showed the top at the value of 119.66±9.56steps/min. as a whole. 4. As for step length and stride length, underweight group showed the top at the value of 63.49±4.61cm, 127.11±8.42cm. 5. As for the toe in or out which is generated in movement, there were no differences on the light, while there were differences on the left. As for the step width, normal group showed the top at the value of 8.75±2.11cm.

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백진호JinHoBack , 전명규MyungKyuJun , 정남주NamJuChung , 정훈교HoonKyoJeong , 민경훈KyungHoonMin , 이연종YeonJongLee , 이용식YoungSikLee

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Abstract

A field study was attempted to biomechanically evaluate four foreign skaters, who participated in the 500m female final round competitionand, and two Korean skaters during the World Short Track Skating Championship. The three dimensional motion analysis with DLT method was executed using four video cameras for analyzing the actual competition situation. In point of analyzing the actual competition situation, it is expected that skaters and coaches have the effective informations, and the following conclusions are drawn; The elapsed time by phase of the foreign skaters appeared shorter than those of Korean skaters, so the start training of Korean skaters should be reinforced. Also the displacement of C.G and foot segment of start phase of the foreign skaters appeared longer displacement than those of Korean skaters. Especially in the starting position, the foreign skaters are superior to Korean skaters in displacement of first(left) and next following stroke(right). The velocity of C.G. and maximum velocity of skate blade of foreign skaters are faster than those of Korean skaters. And the foreign skaters show the superior early velocity change. Both of leaning body angle, and left and right knee angles of the foreign skaters lead to positive point of having the propulsive force in the early starting position. Observing in the most prominent feature of foreign and Korean skaters in start phase, foreign skaters skate quickly the third stroke. These features of Korean skaters would appear the disadvantage of location selection in entering the corner course.

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윤희중HeeJungYoon , 이훈표HoonPyoLee , 정남주NamJuChung

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to present the most ideal model of the throw motion through analysing the kinematical parameters of the upper limb segment for two different group's, the skilled group and the less-skilled group, top point of the back-swing to the terminal point of the follow-through. Four male members from the national team who have participated in the 1998 Asian Games as the skilled group, and as for the less-skilled group, four male university students who have played bowling less than six months were chosen as subjects for this study. After attaching the land-marker to the upper limb's joints, the angle movements of medial and lateral, supination and pronation, ulnar and radial flexion, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion through the three-dimension of the motion picture analysis were determined. The following conclusion were drawn through such analysis. The movements of medial and lateral of the upper arm were showed that the skilled group was greater than the less-skilled group. The movements of supination and pronation in the hand segment were showed that the skilled group was pronated, but the less-skilled group was supinated. Ulnar and radial flexion in the wrist were showed that both groups were ulnar flexioned, but the skilled group was distinguished radial flexion. The movements of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion in the hand were showed that the skilled group finished up the swing to dorsiflexion, while the less-skilled group finished up the swing to plantar flexion.

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이경옥KyoungOckYi , 양길태GilTaeYang , 김인옥InOkKim , 문무성MuSeongMun

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to perform three dimensional analysis of the developmental process of gait in female children. This study utilized the Vicon 370 system with automatic tracing method by Oxford Metrics. Subjects were from 1-5 years old. There was a total of 24 female children. This data was compared with data gathered from 21 female adults. Variables included angles of lower extremities (pelvic, knee and ankle joints). To summarize the results, hip joint and knee joint flexion (sagittal plane movement) and extension developed first, at two years of age. Pelvic rotation, pelvic obliquity, hip rotation, and knee joint valgus varus developed second at three years of age. Pelvic tilt, hip adduction and abduction developed next at four years of age. Knee rotation and ankle dorsi plantar flexion developed last at five years of age. Rotational movement in the ankle did not fully develop before 5 years of age. These results were derived from the angle graph. The movements in the swing phase developed later than other support phases.

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조병준ByungJunCho

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Abstract

To elucidate the biomechanical characteristics of limited running velocity, the researcher executed cinematography and force measurement at the same time for which one used four cameras and force platform to the undergraduate students as the experimental objects. Kinematic angular displacements were obtained by Kwon3D motion analysis program and ground reaction force of the supporting phase were measured by force platform. Namely, in running, kinematic variables are presented that are the rhythm of supporting period in space and time, that is, 7 segment angular change pattern of upper and lower limbs and ground reaction force pattern as external action. In angular pattern, the deviation of supporting leg is minor, so the pattern appeared similarly, but the large deviation of swing leg is ascribed to the case of temporal delay according to the subjects, displacement difference, normalizing the supporting period by mean supporting time. But the general pattern is similar to the previous studies(齊藤et al, 1981; 山田et al, 1985;1986). According to the velocity changes, landing and takeoff angle appeared differently, it is attributed to the difference of running velocity and subjects. And the change pattern of ground reaction force is similar to the results of 阿江et al(1984), there is different in a certain moment values between male and female. It is attributed to the difference of height and weight. The first time of supporting phase appeared shorter than the second time of supporting phase. This is different from the general running ground reaction force studies(p<.01). The deviation in the first part of supporting phase is large, but that in the second part of supporting phase is small because the control process is made in the first part of supporting phase. The positive and negative impulse of anterior-posterior direction appeared larger in male than that in female, but the difference between male and female is not significant. But the magnitude of positive and negative impulse appeared significantly(p<.01). It seems that more momentum is needed to raise the revolutional motion of human body that supports the leg in the first part of touch-down foot.ntly(p<.01).

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채원식WoenSikChae

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is (a) to estimate effective moment arms of quadriceps forces and (b) to determine whether there are significant differences in de values between sexes. Eight males and eight females with no known musculoskeletal disorders were recruited as the participants. Sagittal view radiographs were obtained for seven different angles (range 5°-110°). The de was determined by the method of Chow et al. (1999a). The results showed that the maximum de values ranged from 3.27 to 4.24 cm and 4.37 to 4.87 cm for the males and females, respectively. The maximum de occurred between 12°and 41°. The minimum de values ranged from 1.86 to 2.85 cm and 2.30 to 3.20 cm for the males and females, respectively. In the present study, the maximum de values in the females were significantly smaller than the corresponding values in the males whereas no significant difference was found in the minimum de values between genders. The shapes of the de-Knee flexion angle relations found in this study were considered comparable to those reported in the literature. However, the de values found in this study were relatively small. The effective moment arm of the knee extensor affects the loads on knee ligaments during knee-extension exercises. Because apparent differences in the moment arm of the quadriceps in different participants and between sexes, it is very important to use personalized knee joint geometry for the computation of knee joint force.

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한윤수YoonSooHan

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Abstract

The subjects for this study were four gymnasts participating in the male gymnastics competition II of the 2nd Pusan East Asian Game at 1997. Four kinds of kovacs skills were selected, which were tuck, pike, stretch, and full twist on the horizontal bar. The purpose of this study was to identify the kinematics characteristics of the backward giant swing before Kovacs skills on the horizontal bar. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. It was shown that the mean down swing took 0.84sec±0.08 and showed that it took shorter time as moving into tucked, piked, stretched, and full twist motion. 2. Most motions that the shoulder joint was formed vertically with horizontal bar performed down swing with fast horizontal velocity. In particular, it was shown that stretch and full twist motions pushed the horizontal bar to downward vertically 3. It was shown that the body was lowered to the utmost, and also the body was far from the horizontal bar, which kept the horizontal position from the bar. The mean shoulder joint angle was 198deg±30.06, and the mean hip joint angle was 211deg±26.71. The beating motion caused by hyperextension is a very important factor to increase the velocity of up swing. 4. The time of up swing was 0.46sec±0.05 on an average. It is shown that full twist motion took the longest time, 0.54sec in particular. 5. The mean horizontal velocity was reduced as motions moved into tuck, pike, and stretch at a phase of up swing and the mean horizontal velocity increased on the contrary. On the other hand, it is shown that the mean horizontal velocity of full twist motion was higher than the mean vertical velocity. 6. At the release, the mean vertical velocity was 4.04m/sec±0.44 and the mean vertical position was 0.55m ±0.11 from the horizontal bar. Also the angle of the shoulder joint was 134deg±12.5 and particularly full twist was 152deg, which means it performed release when the body was most extended. And the mean angular velocity of should joint was -116deg/sec±79.29. Besides the mean angular velocity of shoulder joint of stretch motion was -30deg/sec that was remarkably smaller. It was shown that stretch motion reduced moment of inertia and increased the velocity of revolution.

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